Second Book Project: The Third Reich's Elite Schools – A History of the Napolas

The Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten (National-Political Education-Institutes), known as Napolas for short, were the most prominent type of elite school in Nazi Germany. Founded in 1933 as a birthday present for Hitler, these boarding-schools, which educated pupils from the age of 10 upwards, were intended to train the future elite of the Third Reich in all walks of life.

By the end of the Second World War, over 40 Napolas had been established throughout the “Greater German Reich”, from Alsace to present-day Poland, and their activities were also considered crucial for the Nazis’ Germanising mission in the conquered territories of Eastern Europe.

Using a hitherto unprecedented quantity of freshly elicited eyewitness testimony and newly discovered documentary material, this research project provides a comprehensive overview of daily life at the Napolas, as well as exploring the schools’ political and historical background.

For the first time, life at these largely forgotten institutions can be reconstructed in detail, with a particular focus on the variety within unity exhibited by individual schools – such as the former cadet-school Napolas, those with a long-standing humanistic tradition, and those founded in wartime or to aid ‘Germanisation’ in the Eastern territories, as well as the Napolas for girls.

The schools will be considered both from a political and a personal perspective – for instance, what did the Third Reich’s leaders and educational officials envisage as the schools’ political goals, and how were these aims put into practice?

The Napolas’ troubled post-war legacy, as experienced by former pupils in both Germanies, will also be considered – a ‘contested past’ which many have felt the need to keep secret for most of their lives.

A monograph based on this research project has now been published by Oxford University Press.

You can read reviews of the book here.

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Articles inspired by this project include:

• ‘Nazi Elite-School Pupils as Youth Ambassadors Between Fascist Italy and the Third Reich’, European History Quarterly 54 (2), 2024, 258-275.

• ‘The Biopolitics of Education in the Third Reich’s “Special Schools” and “Elite Schools”’, The Historical Journal 66 (2), 2023, pp. 413-34.

• ‘Nazi Elite Boarding Schools and the Attempted Creation of a New Class System’, in Global Perspectives on Boarding Schools in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ed. Daniel Gerster, Felicity Jenz, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, pp. 79-100.

• ‘Schulische Erziehung und Entbürgerlichung’, in Wie bürgerlich war der Nationalsozialismus?, ed. Norbert Frei, Göttingen 2018, pp. 154-72.

• ‘Antisemitismus und Eliteerziehung in den Nationalpolitischen Erziehungsanstalten’, Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten – Jahresbericht 2017, pp. 12-17.

• ‘Die Klosterschule Ilfeld als Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt’, in Die Klosterkammer Hannover 1931-1955: Eine Mittelbehörde zwischen wirtschaftlicher Rationalität und Politisierung, ed. Detlef Schmiechen Ackermann et al., Göttingen (Wallstein), 2018, pp. 605-26.

• ‘Sport, Leibeserziehung und vormilitärische Ausbildung in den Nationalpolitischen Erziehungsanstalten: Eine “radikale” Revolution der körperlichen Bildung im Rahmen der NS-“Gesamterziehung”?’, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus 32, 2016 (Special Issue on Sport und Nationalsozialismus, ed. Frank Becker, Ralf Schäfer), pp. 173-96.

• ‘Herrschaft durch Schulung: The Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten im Osten and the Third Reich’s Germanising mission’, in Nationalsozialismus und Regionalbewusstsein im östlichen Europa. Ideologie, Machtausbau, Beharrung (Regionen des östlichen Europas im 20. Jahrhundert Bd. 3), ed. Burkhard Olschowsky, Ingo Loose, Berlin (De Gruyter) 2016, pp. 128-51.

• ‘Surviving Stunde Null: Narrating the fate of Nazi elite-school pupils during the collapse of the Third Reich’, German History 33 (4), 2015, pp. 570-87 (awarded German History journal’s “Best Article of 2015 Prize”).

• ‘Zwischen Freundschaft und Feindschaft: Exploring relationships between pupils at the Napolas (Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten) and British public schoolboys’, Angermion: Yearbook for Anglo-German Literary Criticism, Intellectual History and Cultural Transfers / Jahrbuch für britisch-deutsche Kulturbeziehungen 6, 2013, pp. 101-26.

• ‘”Wanderer, kommst du nach Pforta…“: The tension between Classical tradition and the demands of a Nazi elite-school education at Schulpforta and Ilfeld, 1934–1945′, European Review of History / revue européenne d’histoire 29 (4), 2013. pp. 581-609.

• ‘”Der Versuch einer Antwort, warum ich von Auschwitz nichts wußte“: The evolution of Napola-pupils’ responses to the Holocaust’, in Früher/später: Zeugnisse in der Zeit, ed. A.S. Sarhangi, Alina Bothe, Berlin: De Gruyter, forthcoming.